Sunday, March 31, 2019

Young Goodman Brown Symbolism Essay

five-year-old Goodman chocolate-brown Symbolism EssayYoung Goodman chocolate-brown is a curt story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Written in 1835, the story deals with a recently night meeting between a man and the D darkness. On the get on this is all the story is, further if wizard looks closer virtuoso would decree the story to be littered with symbolic images.Goodman dark-browns marriage to his wife, the aptly named conviction. At the beginning of the story, Goodman browned, and Faith have and been married for three months. This symbolizes Goodman Brown as one who lacks a deep attachment to assurance. This is further attest by his willingness to stray from his wife to embark on his evening journey. Although Goodman Brown k directs that what lies ahead of him on his journey into the woods, is not good, he sees this momentary dabbling in the dark side as a one time affair. Hawthorne cements this in paragraph seven where Goodman Browns says to himself after this one night, Ill cling to her skirts and represent her to heaven. (page 385)Another symbol is the circumstance of the story. The woods. In the story the woods is a dark foreboding place with Goodman Brown walking down a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees in the forest. (page 386) The bleak tantrum conveys the dark situation Goodman Brown is about to find himself in. Despite the transp atomic number 18nt venomous present in the woods, Goodman Brown presses on further into the nefariousness with Satan as his guide. This symbolizes mans inability to break the devils hold upon him, once he has allowed his sins to drag him to a certain target. A contrast to the dark, gloomy setting is the character Faith, Goodman Browns wife. Faith is one of the three principals that gives Goodman Brown the impression that he has an ideal life, in this case the good wife. But to Goodman Brown, Faith is more than more than this. Faith as her name implies is seen by Goodman Brown to be a physical manifestation of his faith with Brown referring to her as My experience and my Faith. (page 385)Faith also comes with a symbol of her own, in this case a pink ribbon. throughout the story, Hawthorne makes numerous references to this, including referring to her as Faith with the pink ribbons (page 385) in the third paragraph. Faiths pink ribbon is the focus of a crucial, dramatic dig towards the end of the story. At this articulation of the story, Satan has broken Goodman Brown, and in the center of everything Goodman Brown has come to know has turned out to be a fallacy. Despite this Goodman Brown makes one final attempt to hold onto his Faith, but in the midst of the chaos, a pink ribbon falls from the convulse on catches on a tree branch. This symbolizes the end of the fight for Goodman Brown, now a broken, faithless man Goodman Brown cries out There is no good on earth, and sin is but a name. Come, devil, for thee is this cosmos given. (page 389)Faith in general plays a prom inent role in the story, particularly false faith. Before his meeting with Satan, Goodman Brown believes himself to be of good faith because those around him are of good faith. However once it is revealed that those around him are more akin to a satanic cult, than a holy congregation, Goodman Brown begins to lose himself only hanging on with the belief that his beloved wife is strong of faith. This turns out to be false as well, and with the revelation that the one seen by Goodman Brown to be faith personified, is full of sin, Goodman Brown is ultimately broken and surrenders himself to Satan.One of the biggest, if not the biggest symbol in the story, is that of Satan himself. Throughout the ages, Satan has been a cultural symbol of ultimate evil, and Young Goodman Brown continues that tradition. In the story Satan represents a number of things, of them be the evil that lies within us all. When first meeting up with Goodman Brown in the woods, Satan is described as resembling an older Goodman Brown , with Hawthorne describing him as being apparently in the same rank of life as Goodman Brown, and military posture a considerable resemblance to him, though more in vista than features. Still they might have been taken for father and son. (page 386) In his charitable form, Satan carries with him, a walking stick in the shape of a serpent. Since the story of Adam and Eve, the serpent has been used as a symbolic representation of Satan.Satan is often seen as a master manipulator, and one who behind easily shatter ones view of the world around them. This is unadorned in paragraph eighteen, when Goodman Brown has discovered the true identity of his associate and is attempting to break away from him on the grounds that his family has never been he multifariousness to fall in with the devil. To this Satan replies I helped your grandfather, the constable when he lashed the ally woman so smartly through the streets of Salem. (page 386) He also goes on to say It was I who brought your father a pitch-pine knot, to set fire to an Indian village, in King Phillips war. (page 387) This symbolizes a number of things at once. In the place setting of the story, it further symbolizes that the world Goodman Brown ahs found himself in, is much different from the world he perceived himself as living in. In Goodman Browns eyes, his father and granddad were shining examples of good Christian men. However Satan shatters this allusion and reveals that not only are Goodman Browns ancestors guilty of sin, but that they committed their sins in collaboration with the devil. This can also be applied to a broader sense of realization that evil does exist in the world, and that something or someone we perceive as good, whitethorn in fact be in league with the darkest of evil. An interesting point in the story occurs in the ninth paragraph, when Goodman Brown, now deep in the darkest reaches of the forest states There may be a devilish Indian behind every three, what if the devil himself should be at my very cubital joint (page 386) This symbolizes the devils ability to enter a persons life and remain a part of it completely undetected until it is too late.The story of Young Goodman Brown, is one that whole kit on two very different levels. On its surface, the story appears as nothing ,more than the tale of a man who experiences a quite literally hellish event. Upon further analysis however, the story is a much deeper allegoric tale of the importance of faith, and how easily a person can be made or broken by it.

UK Grocery Retailing Industry Macro Influences And Tesco Marketing Essay

UK Grocery Retailing Industry Macro Influences And Tesco Marketing EssayThe pla sackary retail industry has metamorphosed more in the concluding seven decades than it has in the last seven centuries. History tells us that the retail business depends on the economic and disposable income levels of the populace that moves from the centres of economic deprivation to the industrialised and fortunate environments. The evolution of the retail industry in the United Kingdom bears affirmation to this phenomenon.The last few decades entertain seen heterogeneous elaborateness in sustenance retail in the UK, including the materialisation of innovative stool formats, superior logistics, metropolis fall outlays in sunrise(prenominal) engineering, sophistication of put up chain processes, and the continuous crop of super commercialise chains (Nicholson-Lord, 2004).This report takes up the food retail vault of heaven, with phonationicular reference work to the strategies followed by Tesco, for examination and analysis.Super trades reflect, in the United Kingdom as elsewhere, the public of contemporary economic life and pass on an enormous and urbane catch over the grocery supply chain (Defra, 2006).The supermarket industry is lucritive and could be state to be networkeering at consumers expense, so far recent investigations into the industry by the rivalry commision show that this is non the case the industry is genuinely broadly combative and that, overall, excessive prices argon not universe charged, nor excessive profits earned. (Defra, 2006). The sector has changed and adapted over time from solely selling groceries to offering a wide range of products on a lower home adept roof. With technologcal improvement and the internet universe customd by the many, operations provoke in like manner moved online consent toing guests to mark for anything from bread and milk to car insurance and teleph iodines from their computer.This structured r eport deals with the delineate macro factors in the evolution of UK supermarkets the current attractiveness of the supermarket sector, and Tescos ri spateh strategy.2. mark Macro Factors in the Evolution of UK SupermarketsThe retail business in British cities, till the 1960s, had a hierarchical arrangement and focused on the key commercial districts. It was balanced by a comparatively minor issue forth of town or district centres, offering a strapping convenience-goods selling function, and a secondary array of comparison w bes for particular city centres (Bromley Thomas, 1993).The beside stage of transformation from the mid-1960s onwards increasing successfulness and disposable incomes acclivitous levels of vehicle ownership urbanisation attachd levels of female participation in employment, has driven new patterns of consumer behaviour and increased demand for specialized and civilize ranges of goods and service (Bowlby, 2001). This transformation has been instrumental in ever-changing the character of the urban retail landscape (Bromley Thomas, 1993).Political and LegalThe supermarket sector is under uniform political watch since restriction of competition and accusations of being an oligopolistic market arose. Investigations carried out by the Competition Commission resulted in the adoption of a tag of Practice, which has presently been in operation for some course of studys. The sector is alike under authoritiesal pressure to increase its employment levels, particularly because employment in the supermarket sector has not kept pace with harvest-home (Emerging, 2010).EconomicSupermarket operations ar under pressure because of the ongoing economic downturn. High unemployment levels, along with stagnation in consumer incomes, has affected consumer spending. Supermarkets argon responding with better offers through renegotiation of provider prices and improvement of operational efficiencies (Tesco, 2009).SocialSocial and demographic chang es play a major role in supermarket operations. For exemplar, the ageing population, along with an increasing turn of events of female workers, single parents and divorcees, is decrease the frequency of meals prepared at home. increase consumer focus on health is tether to greater stocking of organic foods and delightfultrade pronounced products (De Chatel Hunt, 2003).TechnologicalMost supermarkets now have an online presence to market their products and have set up efficient, well designed e-commerce websites. Supermarkets use modern technology in a number of separate knowledge bases e.g. electronic shelf labelling, customer data management and supply chain management (Tesco, 2009).EnvironmentalAlthough supermarkets are real popular, they are scrutinised for increased fogy fuel consumption collectible to goods transportation and changing shopping patterns, requiring customers to drive to supermarkets.Also the introduction of cut usage of plastic bags in supermarkets, Ma rks Spencer was a leader in reducing the plastic bags used by its consumers a five pence charge was placed on each carrier bag in a bid to curb usage. Other supermarkets although not charging customers to use the bags withdrew from the shop floor and customers had to ask if they needed the bags. Tesco introduced a club tease apart scheme offering customers clubcard points to customers who do not use plastic bags.3. Current Market Position of UK SupermarketsIt needs to be noted that the retail business has evolved from an industrial to a post-industrial stage. More than 2.1 one thousand thousand people, approximately comprising somewhat 10 per cent of the labour force, were working in retail distribution by 1992 (Employment GazetteNovember 1992), and the biggest retailers are now among the major companies (Lowe Crewe 1991).Competitive RivalryThe supermarket sector witnesses intense rivalry between market participants. Supermarkets have grown at the expense of specialist food shop s (e.g. grocers, unripened grocers, dairies, butchers and fishmongers) by offering wider product ranges and lower prices under one roof(keynote 2007). The regular monitoring of market share, price wars, innovative shopping formats, promotions and loyalty schemes not entirely demonstrate the rivalry present but also the skin each supermarket faces for customer footfalls.With the four main supermarkets having such a commodious market share, the UK supermarket industry could be said to be operating as an oligopoly. However as shown by the competition commission and the Office of Fair Trading, there is no anti- war-ridden behaviour taking place. In realty prices would be lower for consumers in a perfectly competitive market quite than the oligopolistic market that is shortly in the UK, however un slight there is clear demo of price-fixing or cartels it would be highly unlikely giving medication pass on substitute and take action to stop the big four supermarkets growing furth er.dicker Power of BuyersThe power of buyers can be interpreted in antithetic ways. At first glance, they appear to be powerful because they have a wide range of products to take away from, and can switch from one supermarket to another. In antithesis, customers have lost the flexibility, home grown service, and range of produce that was easy with traditional providers.Consumers may be loyal to their local anesthetic supermarket, but by no policy or guidelines consumers are technically free to shop at any supermarket. The government through the OFT ensure that a fair price is being charged to consumers. The consumer could be said to have immense power as with the industry being so competitive and incentives always being used customers are benefiting. Also the wide use of the Internet now allows customers to check prices and compare products online in front get, whether they leveraging in break in or online. But they could be said to have very little power as they cannot negot iate, the prices are set by the supermarket and cannot be changed by the buyer.Bargaining Power of Suppliers?The power of supermarket suppliersSuppliers power is the most talked about force within the supermarket industry. UK supermarkets have immense purchasing power callable to their dominant size and can demand products at the price and look they require. The problem facing suppliers is because there are so many suppliers if one fails to meet the requirements of the supermarket then the supermarket can go to another supplier and find out what they want. This gives them relatively little or no bargaining power with the supermarkets.The supplier code of practice has been put in place by the government to stop such bad practice by retailers however its viability is provided to be seen. Many smaller suppliers are still saying that they are being bullied by the large supermarkets price and other conditions. But as with any business transaction, the seller wants to achive the highe st possible price and the buyer wants to nurse costs as low as possible, the engagements of bother parties will be different.Threat of New EntrantsThe threat from new entrants is comparatively wearied because of the immense financial investments required to effectively enter the UK supermarket and superstore segment. It is difficult for entrants to invest the corking required for space, assets, and extremely sophisticated supply chains. Other barriers include real market shares, scale economies, product differentiation and customer knowledge expertise built by existing players.However with supermarkets requiring planning permission for both new store there are lands in the country in which smaller independents which are wearket to get access and launch or cover up their business. With the government offering many grants and revenue enhancement relief for small businesses it could be said that the market is still a free market to channelise in.But by being a free market an d devote economy it also allows large multinationals enter the uk supermarket industry through mergers and acquisitions as that of Wal-Mart purchasing Asda in 1999. By government not intervening it has allowed Asda to debate much more in the industry without the funding it would lag understructure its rivals substantially. This has also been the case with the merger of Safeway and Morrisons. By not intervening the government has allowed the market to be less(prenominal) monopolistic as their would have only been two large players, Tesco and Sainsburys.Threat of Substitute yields/ServicesThe threat from substitutes is weak because of evolved consumer buying habits and the enormous convenience provided by supermarkets. This was recently illustrated by the calamity of Aldi and Lidl who tried to take advantage of the economic recession by introducing new and more economical shopping formats.The threat of substitutes could be said to be irelavent as there is no substitute as everybo dy needs food, however substitutes such as smaller specialist food retailers could be seen as a substitute. With government emphasis on healthy eating, the large supermarkets have started to label their foods nutritional value in much more depth. This oculd be seen as indirect intervention and government may have in truth hindered smaller food retailers who had found a niche in the market, and also therefore lessen the threat of substitutes. But with some products the price inelasticity or luxury means that customers are unbidden to pay more for the product, for example organic produce from farmers markets.However with more and more emphasis on healthy eating being made on all forms of media by the government, the green grocers, butchers and other smaller units may be seeing an increase in gross sales due to the freshness of their produce. Customers from supermarkets may prefer to purchase food from these smaller retailers as they know the quality may pinch what they would norm ally purchase and will be healthier. Clearly customers are willing to pay more where theySummaryWhilst the industry may appear to be attractive, because of the growth and profitability being achieved by market participants, it is characterised by enormous competition and very high entry barriers. Organisations trying to enter the market need to have high uppercase reserves, a consistent strategy, and the willingness to grow by acquisition, as well as through organic means. In conclusion the supermarket industry can be shaped and restrained by government intervention but by allowing the industry to continue as a free market, everyone is seen to benefit, whether it be consumers getting the best possible price, do suppliers livelihoods, or the economy as whole growing.4. Tesco Strategy and GrowthTesco has a deep-rooted and constant strategy for growth, which has allowed the strengthening of its stub UK business and growth into fresh markets. The underlying principle of the strategy, laid down in 1997, was to fatten out the span of the business to allow the delivery of a sturdy and prolonged long-term growth (Quick facts, 2009). This can be achieved by pursuing current Tesco customers and encouraging them into purchasing from its other domestic businesses, including financial services, non-food and telecommunications (Quick facts, 2009). They are currently ranked 4th in orbicular retail sales and give out in 13 countries in 2008 (Delloite 2009).The objectives of this five pronged strategy are (a) to be a successful global retailer, (b) to grow the core UK business, (c) to be equally robust in food and non-food segments (d) to scale up retailing services like Tesco personal Finance and (e) to place community at the centre of its strategy (Tesco plc, 2009).In being a successful global retailer, Tesco has long practiced the commonly used glocal practices which encompass the ground realities of the local environment with the global best business practices. Bein g close to the consumers enables right away reaction times, especially in the current downturn, to the local changes as they lapse in its markets across the world (Tesco plc, 2009).Dunnhumby, the consumer look for entity that enabled Tescos Clubcard loyalty scheme, has brought about a deep understanding of the consumers wants. This was developed through many yrs of research in customer insight skills and buying patterns. (Tesco concourse, 2010).Market PenetrationDuring the last recession, Value lines was launched in the country to provide the cheapest grocery products, inclusive of caners. safekeeping quality in mind, Tesco made the biggest change to their product range by launching 500 new items as part of their Discount Brands (Tesco plc, 2009). The peculiar competency saving plan called Step Change has already delivered 540 meg of productivity and other changes. These have been ploughed back primarily into efficiency projects that encompass the entire business from store s and depots to the office (Tesco plc, 2009).Examples of such improvements include reducing energy consumption in stores, eliminating 52,000 store deliveries by means of larger-fill transportation, leading to added savings of 12 million road miles. Also, the introduction of new egotism checkout technology for stores, as well as introducing pioneering technology to allow electronic check-in of bread and milk depot deliveries leading to a sizeable removal of paperwork and administration (Tesco plc, 2009).Tescos offer of five pence of a l of fuel in their petrol stations, this a form of market brainstorm in an trail to get more customers through the doors in its supermarket operations, spell giving them a dismiss on fuel. This strategy employed by Tesco could be seen as successful as the promotion is offered regularly on a short term basis, also competitor Sainsburys also do the promotion on a regular basis.DiversificationThe non-food market be an essential component of Tescos l ong-term strategy, since it encompasses a market similar to that in size of food, and provides a vast opportunity. Empirical data strongly suggests that the consumer will buy, even in poor economic conditions, when they see value. By products being sourced globally, consolidating freight volumes and investing in buying hubs,Tesco are able to campaign economies of scale to ensure customers receive the best possible price.(Tesco plc, 2009).The global purchasing office based in Hong Kong is accountable for buying 100,000 non-food products for the entire Group and, wherever possible, the purchases are sourced directly through factories without involving agents. This sourcing team last year shipped 72,000 containers from 54 ports. The sourcing hubs based largely in Asia and atomic number 63 ensure that the goods are delivered from ethical sources, on time, and in the best price and quality (Tesco plc, 2009).Product growthThe Tesco website has around 1.5 million hits per week and Tesco Direct, which is controlled within tesco.com, is effortlessly kindly to customers via the internet and their catalogues (Tesco plc, 2009).The strategic retailing services comprise of tesco.com, online shopping channels, Tesco Direct, telecoms, and Tesco Personal Finance. All financial products are obtainable online and over 50% of customers choose to purchase in this manner (Tesco plc, 2009).Tesco has targeted profitability growth in the services division from approximately 400 million in 2007/08 to 1 one thousand thousand over the next few years (Tesco plc, 2009).High quality practices for supply chain and customer relationship management, used in conjunction with plosive of Sale (POS) software, has enabled Tesco to manage a paradigm shift in its core retail business. This has enabled Tesco to reach out to its exsisting customers in revision for them to utilise the other retail services available. A critical cornerstone of Tescos strategy is to strategically position the commun ity at the core of its operations. The Group has taken a leadership role in its efforts towards climate change and environmental responsibility, and has set ambitious targets to reduce emissions in its own buildings and distribution networks (Tesco plc, 2009).Market DevelopmentTesco is now the first UK retail major to exhibit the full ascorbic acid footprint of all its own-label milk ranges, excluding organic milk, and has vowed to footprint 500 products by the year end. Reassuringly, research has now established that 50% of shoppers surveyed now experience the proper meaning of carbon footprint, as against only 32% of shoppers surveyed in the previous year (Smithers, 2009).Extensive scrutiny of sales and loyalty card data has enabled Tesco to select the main items for economy conscious buyers. This has enabled prices to be reduced on important consumption goods, in order to assist customers in the difficult economic conditions as well as beating competitor prices (Tesco plc, 2009 ).In response to the threat posed last year from the fast-expanding discount stores, including Aldi, Tesco reacted quicker than competitors in taking a stance. The launch of the Discount Brands at Tesco scheme presented price deflation, rather than expecting customers to downgrade, in contrast to competitors. The initiatives main aim was to retain the current market share held by Tesco and prevent these discount stores from acquiring further market share.Tesco was the first major player in the online grocery market (Mintel, 2010), giving it the first mover advantage. This has allowed Tesco to build up a strong customer base as at one point, it was the only UK supermarket to offer onlne groceries. Their share is steadily declining as their competitors are also offering customers the ease of shopping online by having an online presense. Although it operates transacional websites for three countries many of its sales are generated in the UK. It began trading with food only but in only three years of operation it expanded and launched the non-food section, Tesco Direct. From 2004 2008, Tesco.com sales as a percentage of all uk revenue has grown from 2.6% to 5.0, this is shown in attachment Tescos online division has been so successful that two stores have had to be candid just to service online demand (Mintel, 2010)5. ConclusionSupermarkets and superstores are an undisputable part of the geographical contours and the economic foundation of UK society. Such supermarkets, comprising of Tesco, Sainsburys, ASDA, Waitrose and Morrison, provide approximately 80 % of the foods consumed by UK residents and play an important role in the determination of consumer preference across the country.The growth of supermarkets, much of which has occurred during the last few decades has been driven by the rapid and far reaching transformation of UK society, characterised by increasing prosperity and disposable incomes, rising levels of vehicle ownership, urbanisation, increased levels of female participation in employment has driven new patterns of consumer behaviour and increased demand for specialised and sophisticated range of goods and services (Bowlby, 2001). This transformation has been instrumental in changing the character of the urban retail landscape.Tesco, the clear leader of the UK supermarket sector, and otherwise an gamy example of British commercial and retailing skills, has constantly adopted a fundamental and steadfast strategy for growth, which has reaulted in the constant strengthening and expansion of its core UK business and helped it to grow into new markets. The primary principle of its strategy, which is now being followed for more than a decade, lies in enlarging business span iin order to allow for delivery of robust and and continuous growth.Recent years are also witnessing much improved corporate citizenship in the supermarket sector, with regard to the meaningful and determined support for health and organic foods and sustaine d efforts to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse emissions.Appendices appendix 1 (Tesco Group, 2009)Five year summaryIFRS20052006120072008200953 weeksFinancial statisticsGroup sales (including vat) (m)36,95743,13746,61151,77359,426Revenue (excluding VAT) (m)UK27,14629,99032,66534,858638,191 liberalisation of Europe3,8185,0955,5596,8728,862Asia2,9024,3694,4175,5527,068US166206 summation Group33,86639,45442,64147,29854,327Operating profit2(m)UK1,5561,7882,0832,16462,540Rest of Europe243263324400479Asia153229241294343US(67)6(156)Total Group1,9522,2802,6482,7913,206Operating profit marge2UK5.7%6.0%6.4%6.2%66.7%Rest of Europe6.4%5.2%5.8%5.8%5.4%Asia5.3%5.2%5.5%5.3%4.9%USn/a6n/aTotal Group5.8%5.8%6.2%5.9%5.9%Share of results of joint ventures and associates3(m)748210675one hundred ten internet on sale of investment in associates25 sugar finance costs3(m)(132)(127)(126)(63)(362)Profit before tax (m)1,8942,2352,6532,8032,954Taxation3(m)(541)(649)(772)(673)(788)Minority interests (m)(3)(6)(7)(6)(5)(Loss)/profit for the accomplishment from discontinued operation4(m)(6)(10)18Profit for the financial year attributable to equity holders of the parent (m)1,3441,5701,8922,1242,161Underlying profit before tax5(m)1,9252,2772,5452,8463,128Enterprise value7(m)27,91030,84140,46937,65635,907Basic dinero per share817.52p20.20p23.61p26.95p27.50pDiluted earnings per share817.30p19.92p23.31p26.61p27.31pDividend per share97.56p8.63p9.64p10.90p11.96pReturn on shareholders funds1023.2%24.9%26.7%25.1%23.9%Return on capital employed1111.8%12.7%12.6%1612.9%1713.0%20Group statistics number of stores2,3342,6723,2633,7514,332Total sales area 000 sq ft1249,13555,21568,18976,33888,451Average employees335,750368,213413,061444,127468,508Average full-time equivalent employees242,980273,024318,283345,737364,015UK retail statisticsNumber of stores1,7801,8981,9882,115182,28221Total sales area 000 sq ft1224,20725,91927,78529,5491831,28521Average store size (sales area sq ft)1331,67732 ,81634,20935,0551835,21521Average full-time equivalent employees163,006175,459184,461193,917194,420UK retail productivity ()Revenue per employee14166,534170,923177,084179,840196,436Profit per employee149,56410,19011,29210,8141913,065Weekly sales per sq ft1523.8925.0625.4825.4326.211. Results for the year ended 25 February 2006 include 52 weeks for the UK and ROI and 14 months for the volume of the remaining International businesses.2. Operating profit includes integrating costs and profit/(loss) arising on sale of fixed assets. Operating margin is based upon revenue excluding VAT.3. Share of results of joint ventures and associates is stated net of the interest and tax of the Groups joint ventures and associates. The Groups charges for interest and tax have been reduced by these amounts.4. Consists of the net result of the Taiwanese business which was sold during 2006/7.5. IFRS underlying profit draws IAS 32 and IAS 39 Financial Instruments Fair value remeasurements, the IAS 19 Income account charge, which is replaced by the normal cash contributions for pensions, IAS 17 Leases refer of annual uplifts in rent and rent-free periods and IFRS 3 Amortisation charge from intangible assets arising on acquisition. For further details of this measure,see accounting policies.6. Results have been restated to reflect the US as a separate segment.7. Market capitalisation plus net debt.8. Basic and diluted earnings per share are on a continuing operations basis.9. Dividend per share relating to the interim and proposed final dividend.10. Profit before tax divided by median(a) shareholders funds.11. The numerator is profit before interest, less tax. The denominator is the calculated average of net assets plus net debt plus dividend creditor less net assets held for sale.12. Store sizes exclude lobby and restaurant areas.13. Average store size excludes Express and One Stop stores.14. Based on average number of full-time equivalent employees in the UK, revenue exclusi ve of VAT and operating profit.15. Based on weighted average sales area and sales excluding property development.16. Excludes one-off gain from Pensions A-Day, with this one-off gain ROCE was 13.6%.17. Using a normalised tax rate before start-up costs in the US and Tesco Direct and excluding the impact of foreign exchange in equity and our acquisition of a majority share of Dobbies.18. Excluding 53 US stores and 22 Dobbies stores.19. Excluding start-up costs in the US and Tesco Direct and adjusting average number of full-time equivalent employees in the UK to exclude US and Tesco Direct employees profit per employee would be 11,317.20. Excluding acquisition of TPF and Homever, and India start-up costs, and after adjusting for assets held for sale. calculated on a 52 week basis, ROCE for 2008/9 is 12.8%.21. Excluding 24 Dobbies stores.Appendix 2 (Tesco Group, 2009)Quick factsStaff world-wide468,508Staff in the UK286,394Stores worldwide4,308Total stores in the UK2,282By format177Ex tra10Homeplus448Superstore174 tube961Express512OneStopNumber of markets14Which marketsChina, Czech Republic,Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, UK, the StatesFacts correct May 2009Appendix 3 (Tesco Group, 2010)

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Causes of Software Crisis

Causes of Softw be CrisisThis subject justifies the symptoms and primary executes of calculating machine bundle product package crisis. You will see that the writer made a comparison of software carcass crisis in different countries. We took the information from different articles make in UK, USA and Canada. The findings and suggestions are described at the shutting to inform the risk involved while planning and developing a software design.IntroductionWe begin with the symptoms of Software crisis. Evidence is provided by the documents produced by US military on software crisis. Furtherto a greater extent, Charelle, (2005) has complied some more astounding nonstarter statistics of software crisis.We obtain also discussed the major(ip) causes of the software crisis and the description of those causes. The major factor of causing ill in Software focal point swans is insufficiency of coordination between the police squads itself. In last two decades the technology tre nd is issue upward and small and uncollectible musical arrangements are adopting the latest technologies and techniques to improve their return productivity. This report reflects the major symptoms and causes of a software crisis along with their description. In the end of the report we conclude with the suggestions to improve the whole go to avoid software crisis.Symptoms of Software CrisisMany researchers agree software understand failures occur more frequently than they should, some of them hold tinted a crisis within the software diligence (Conte et al, 1986 DeMarco, 1982). To assess the success or failure of the go out express on cost, delivery judgment of conviction, and quality, Glass (1998) luxuriouslylighted these three main aspects. Circumstantial evidence is utilise to highlight the symptoms and primary causes of experience failure which creates serious concerns.Comparison of software crisis between different countriesThe different main cause of software cri sis is that the machines have become more powerful, if we compare with the past we had a few computer programming with a minor problem in software. Now we have commodious computer programming with an equally large problem in software. Some documents have been written to describe the failure of software fuddle by US military and around of the software problem which had been place in military area is the aforesaid(prenominal) in private sector. In this report the given table explain the major causes of software crisis, in 2001-2002 actual cost of National Insurance Recording System 2, Probation utility Crain, and Child Support Agency tolerate increased for the reason of delays in befuddle time, increase in actual costs and change of the frame. everyplace cost of amount 40.4 meg increased in the under fetching of (NIRS2) and same problem occurred in the project of (PSC) and an extra amount of 50 trillion spent on the project of (CSA) to improve the frame. overall the causes of software crisis are linked to the complexness of hardware and software development process. Some other further evidence shows that in 2001, a planned project for in-migration and National Directorate was turned since department analyzed that new clay would be more complex and needs an amount of 77 gazillion for the death penalty of the project that is difficult for the department to pay such huge amount for this project. In the dates of 2001/2002, another new issue of fraud was highlighted in the software project of Individual Learning Accounts it was a Flagship Training Scheme and an amount of 66.9 meg was fixed for its implementation. In the sequence of heavy budgeted costs a software project for Defence Logistics Organization in the course of study of 2002 was suspended on the reason of insufficient funds to start this heavy cost project of an amount of 120 one million million. In the table shows that in the year 1999 a software project for Passport Agency a co st of 12.6 million was suspended behind estimating high actual costs. In the prospect of high costs of software, in 1999 Home office scrapped the project that had been planned for emolument in prison services, estimated costs for this software project was about 8 million. In the year 2002, a software project Libra for inter-group communication the magistrates was under consideration and required an amount of 134 million for implementation of this project. Overall in all above evidences, it shows that crisis of software apparent itself in some(prenominal) waysAdditionally, Charette (2005) has compiled some more shocking failure in project software it seems that project failure is not a problem of big companies and industries but software problem is occurred widely in small companies, in commercial and non-profit organizations and government departments. Software crisis occur caused by increasingly complexity in hardware and project failure seen to be universal. In the second gi ven tale shows that in 1993 a software project for capital of the United Kingdom Ambulance Service was cancel after second attempt, and in the same year in USA a project was mad for Allstate Insurance keep company after a costing of high amount of $ 130 million abandoned the office automation system. London Stock Exchange cancelled its project of Tarus stock settlement system after costing of huge amount of $ 600 million. In the last few years various process and methodologies have been developed to control the software crises. However, it is widely agreed that on that point is no constant solution. With a heavy cost budget of $ 44 million and $ 2.6 billion on the project of DMV system for state of calcium and project for Federal Aviation Administration cancelled in 1994. In 1995 Toronto Stock Exchange cancelled it planned project for installation of electronic trading system, project cost was estimated about $ 25.5 million. In 1996 a project of Arianespace (France) in the reaso n of error in the software, 5 rockets explode and huge amount of $ 350 were expended. A project of $ 40 million in 1997 was cancelled by the State of Washington that had planned for department of motor vehicle. In the same year International revenue (USA) cancelled its project that was for value modernization effort, an amount of $4.0 billion was estimated for implementation of this project. Snap-on Inc, (USA) an amount of $ 50 million wasted in the software failure occurred in the order- entry system in 1998. In the year, 1999 software problem occurred with ERP system in the project of Hershy Food Corporation (USA), and an amount of $ 151 million was invested. Software for Tax system was cancelled in date of 1999 by the State of Mississippi (USA) and project was about $ 11.2 million. A cost of $ 12 million was cancelled in 1999 by the United Way (USA) a software project was designed for the process of administration system. In the year 2000, huge spent of specie for city payroll system abandoned, due to failure in the software in Washington DC. In USA, Nike Inc 2001, about $ 100 million mixed-up in the reason of software problem in the supply-change management system. In Australia 2002 software project for Sydney Water Corporation to maintain the billing system was cancelled, project cost was about 33.2 million. In 2003/4 AT T Wireless (USA) approach deficiency spent of $ 100 million in up gradation of software for improved customer relation management. In 2004 Hewlet- Packard Company invested $ 160 million for ERP system, but still persist dissonant problem in its software. An amount of $ 527 million invested in the planned project of 1Sainsbury PLC (UK) in 2004, because of that software problem company abandoned the supply cooking stove management system. In general, large software projects are more perplex than small software project. In 2005 Canadian company Hudson Bay faced a big software problem in inventory system an amount of $ 33.3 million was invested for this project. For conducting a comprehensive survey 250 UK based organization had been selected to find out the defined software failure asA project that has failed significantly to achieve its objectives and or has exceeded its original budget by at least 30%Major reasons of project failure in above mentioned countriesProjects running over budget.Software was not up to the needs.Projects taking too long to complete or unnecessary delays.Substandard Production. ineffective to meet the specific requirements.Difficult to operate and maintain..Over budgeting.Primary cause of Software CrisisIn the result of survey they found that nearby 62% of these selected organizations had at least one major software failure, these were considered primary causes of failure and have been updated by Glass (1998).Description of Causes by (Glass, 1998)The objectives were not clear. wrong(p) table work.Not having the proper feel of the organization.Lack of project management methodology.HR l aps or insufficient skilled staff.Coordination gaps between venders.Performance and might issues.A list of primary casual factors has been produced by (Charette, 2005).Description of Causes by (Charette, 2005)Bad planning or run time endings.Lack of documentation. outlawed assessment.Incorrect estimates of needed resources.Impractical project goals.Not a true(p) communication among customers, developers and users.Use of undeveloped technology.Inability to handle the projects complexity.Not a good project management.Stakeholder politics.Commercial pressure.ConclusionWe can conclude that the most of the project failures were due to the coordination gaps between the technical project management team and the business decisions. We can overcome this crisis by better monitoring during the assessment, planning, designing, production, implementation and maintenance phases. We can achive the goal of a successful and on time product by developing better understanding and coordination betwe en the higher(prenominal) management and technical team. Its all about taking right decision at the right time and at the right place.

Friday, March 29, 2019

Movement Of Small Intestine Biology Essay

doing Of Sm both Intestine Biology EssayIn much of the gastroenteric tract, placid muscles contract in sequence to produce a peristaltic thrive which forces a ball of pabulum called a bolus while in the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract and chyme in the comport along the gastrointestinal tract. Peristaltic trend is initiated by circular smooth muscles contracting behind the chewed material to proceed it from moving back into the mouth, followed by a condensing of longitudinal smooth muscles which pushes the digested fodder for thought precedent. Catastalsis is a related intestinal muscle process.(Google) move of low-d witness catgutThe low-pitched intestine is responsible for removing nutrients from food and bringing water supply and electrolytes in the body. It also moves food finished a specific take time off of the digestive tract, into the oversize intestineOnce processed and digested by the stomach, the off-white chyme is squeezed through the pyloric sphinc ter into the minute intestine. Once past the stomach a typical peristaltic wave will save last for a few seconds, travelling at only a few centimeters per second. Its simple purpose is to mix the chyme in the intestine rather than to move it forward in the intestine. Through this process of mixing and continued digestion and absorption of nutrients, the chyme in stages works its way through the bitty intestine to the hulking intestine.During vomitus the propulsion of food up the esophagus and out the mouth comes from abridgment of the abdominal muscles peristalsis does not reverse in the esophagus.Types of condensate.(Guyton pg 786)There argon two main types of respectable condensates that pop off in the undersize intestine as well as other break ins of the gastrointestinal tract. These movements argon cognize as mixing contractions or segmentation contractions and propulsive contractions. While these contractions argon categorized separately, both perform similar fun ctions. blend movements mainly churns food besides also propels it. Propulsive movements primarily push food towards the anus but also spreads it out for allowing the digestive enzymes to mix with it.Mixing or Segmentations contractionWhen a fate of small intestine becomes distended with chyme,stretching of the intestinal wall elicits localise cocentric contractions spaced at intervals along the intestine and lasting a portion of minute.The contraction cause segmentation of the small intestine.They divide the intestine in to spaced segments that cause the appearance of a chain.As one set of contraction relaxes a new set often pay offs,but the contraction this time draw mainly at new points between the previous contractions.Therefore the segmentation contraction chop the chyme two to three quantify per minute.The segmentation contractions become passing weak when the excitatory activity of the enteric queasy system is stop by the drug atropine. (Guyton pg 786)While mixin g contractions also propels food through the small intestine, its main function is to churn the chyme with intestinal enzymes and mechanically head for the hills throne some particles.(Google)Propulsive Movements or contractionChyme is propelled through the small intestine by peristaltic waves.These female genitalia occur in any part of small intestine ,and they move towards the anus at a velocity of 0.5 to 2.0 cm/sec,faster in the proximal intestine and slower in the callinal intestine.They unremarkably atomic number 18 very weak and die out after traveling only 3 to 5 cm.This means that 3 to 5 hours be required for passage of chyme from the pylorus to the ileolic valve.(Guyton pg 787)These contractions are concentric meaning that they run ripe about the intestine as illustrated in the diagram below. These spaced segments relax and fight a number of times thereby chopping the chyme and mixing it back and fore with enzymes, mucus, water and ions in the intestine. These c ontractions occur about 10 to 12 times per minute in the duodenum (first part) and jejunum (mid) of the small intestine and diminish to about 8 or 9 contractions per minute in the terminal ileum (end portion).(Google)Control of Movement through the Small IntestineA number of hormonal and tense factors initiate and maintain peristalsis and mixing. Nerve impulses which travel throughout the small intestine are triggered by the gastroenteric reflex (refer to Defecation Reflex) and localized distention of the duodenum. These impulses are propagated via the enteric nervous system, mainly the myenteric plexus, which is the guts own internal network of human faces. It is further regulated by impulses from the central nervous system via the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk..The digestive hormones, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin and motilin increase intestinal drive while secretin decreases the activity. In addition, serotonin and insulin grass increase motion while glucagon can decre ase motility.(Google)Ileocecal ValveThe ileocecal valve controls the entry of chyme into the colon and pr level offts backflow of faecal matter into the ileum of the small intestine.A principal function of the ileolic valve is to prevent backflow of fecal contents from the colon in to the small intestine. It has valve lips that closes when the pressure in the blind gut builds up. In addition, the end portion of the ileum, just proximal to the ileocecal valve, has a muscular sphincter called the ileolic sphincter. This is constantly constricted and restricts the flow of chyme from ileum into the cecum unless appropriately stimulated to relax and thereby open. The ileocecal sphincter ensures that intestinal contents stay indoors the small intestine long enough for sufficient absorption of nutrients.(Guyton pg 788) drift disorders in small intestineProblems in the small intestine occur when food is blocked, unable to move, or contains bacteria that cannot be broken down by small in testine cells. Intestinal Dysmotility is a dysfunction that hampers peristalsis, or the contractions that move food forward. When food cannot move forward, cramps and headaches occur in the forbearing because the digestive process has been stopped unnaturally. Bacterial Overgrowth is a learn that leads to immediate expulsion in the small intestine. If there is an overload of bacteria, the small intestine cannot handle it, and stomach pains and vomiting occur. Cancer can strike the small intestine, although it commonly is detected in other separate of the body first. Worms and parasites can occasionally affect small intestine health, although these can most often be removed by careful surgeons or specialized medicines.(Google)Movement in large intestineMovement of food through the large intestine is caused by smooth muscle contraction called peristalsis the best way to describe this is to imagine how a snake in the grass moves its abdominal muscles to move.As opposed to the more c ontinuous peristalsis of the small intestines, faecal contents are propelled into the large intestine by half-yearly mass movements. These mass movements occur one to three times per twenty-four hours in the large intestines and colon, and help propel the contents from the large intestine through the colon to the rectum.(Google)Principal functions of colon areIt absorbs water from flatulent food matter and then passes useless waste material from the body. It absorbs all the calcium. Water is added to undigested food to digest it easily.It absorbs water from indigestible food matter and then passes useless waste material from the body. Actually no digestion takes place in the large intestine this organ is almost unaccompanied for water absorption. In the colon, the major process that takes place is the reabsorption of water.(Guyton pg 788)Types of movements or contractionsThe movements still have characteristics similar to those of small intestine can be divided into mixing move ments or Haustrations and propulsive movements or Mass movements.Mixing movementIn the same manner the segmentation movements occur in the small intestine large circular contractions occur in the large intestine,about 2.5 cm of circular muscle contracts.At the same time longitudinal muscles contracts.These feature contractions cause the unstimulated portion of the large intestine to bulge outward in to bag like sacs called haustrations.Mass movementsMuch of the propulsions in the cecum and raise colon results from the slow but persistent haustral contractions requiring as many as 8 to 15 hours to move the chyme from the ileolic valve through the colon while the chyme itself becomes fecal in quality a semisolid slush instead of semifluid.A seriesof mass movements usually persists for 10 to 30 minutes .then they cease but reurn perhaps a half day later.When they have forced mass of fecal matter into the rectum the desire for defecation is felt.(Guyton pg 789)Another very important type of motility that occurs in the large intestine is the high amplitude propagating contraction (HAPC). These contractions only occur 6-8 times per day in healthy great deal, but they are extremely strong contractions, which begin in the first part of the large intestine and sweep around all the way to the rectum they stop just above the rectum.(Google)Motility Disorders of the Large IntestineConstipationConstipation is usually described as infrequent bowel movements (less than 3 per week), passage of unassailable cans, and sometimes difficulty in passing stools. The sensations associated with constipation can admit a constant feeling of needing to go, or a sensation of bloating or fullness. In children, constipation often leads to fecal incontinence.DiarrheaThe symptoms of dissolution are frequent, loose or watery stools, and a subjective sense of urgency. Patients with diarrhea also may worry about loss of control over bowel movements. An excessive number of high amplitude propagating contractions can be a cause of diarrheaHirschsprungs diseaseHirschspurngs disease is a grand congenital (a person is born with it) disorder that is caused by absence of nerve cells (ganglion) in the rectum and/or colon. Usually the problem involves only the bottom portion of the colon, but in some it involves the entire colon or even part of the small intestine. The part of the bowel that lacks nerve cells (aganglionic) cannot propel stool toward the anus, and therefore results in obstruction, severe constipation, or inflammation (enterocolitis). Although symptoms usually begin within a few days after birth, some people dont develop them until childhood or even adulthood.Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)The term irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is used to describe a congregation of symptoms that occur together. These symptoms include abdominal discomfort or pain and change bowel habit, either constipation or diarrhea. Some people have both constipation and diarrhea, ju st at different times. Bloating or distention of the abdomen is also common. IBS symptoms are believed to be caused partly by subnormal motility.(Google)