Womens Right (Equal Right Amendment) Research Paper

Womens Right (Equal Right Amendment) - Research Paper Example This synchronized and yet sporadic movement by women activists, suffragists and liberationists precipitated for the advent of an epic legal victory that resulted benefits that scores of generations of women have enjoyed. In this paper, the author will outline, examine and interpret the women’s rights movement in America. Of particular importance here is the creation and the many hindrances that the Equal Rights Amendment of the United States Constitution has confronted throughout the years. The aim of this scholarly treatise is not only to provide pertinent information regarding the women rights advocacy but also to demonstrate insightful ideas and recommendations for the now and the future. Historical Background In 1848, the first-ever Women’s Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. Abolitionists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott spearheaded the two-day meeting of over 300 people who rallied for justice and equality for women who were institutional ly restricted from the rights and privileges of a citizen. The said convention generated the Declaration of Sentiments among other eleven resolutions denouncing inequality and proposing suffrage. However, the nation was far from ready to seriously pay attention to the issue of women’s rights and thought that the call for justice was not only ridiculous but also a worthless endeavor (Becker 39). After the Civil War, while the constitutional reformation centered on giving freedom to the slaves, Susan B. Anthony and Sojourner Truth, as well as the already-veteran Stanton, fought for the legal ground of providing the same civil and political rights that men enjoy to the American woman. Citing the 14th and 15th Amendments of the Constitution that the right to vote shall not be deprived to citizens on basis of their race, color and previous states of servitude, these women freedom fighters underscored the obvious and utter neglect of women in the laws of the land (Whitney 57). In 1 872 during the presidential election, Anthony cast her ballot in one of the poll precincts in New York invoking her right as a citizen as provided in the 14th Amendment. Her somehow rebellious act prompted her arrest, conviction and a penalty of $100, which she refused to pay. On the other hand, the Supreme Court decision in Minor versus Happersett (1875), pronounced that while women may be citizens, not all citizens are necessarily allowed to vote. Stanton, Mott, Anthony, Truth and the rest of the women abolitionists and suffragettes during the time passed their lifetime without experiencing the joys of participating in the political activities of the nation. Yet certainly, their monumental efforts were never put to waste. The Movement’s Gaining Momentum The past century saw the exponential increase of the number of women who joined in the workforce. This strong power base for women incited them to take part in the movement for social progress and reform, and eventually for a revived call for the right of suffrage. Staunch lobbying, frequent street marches, deliberate political boycotts, massive picketing at the White House and widespread civil obedience showed how serious the women during this period to achieve their impassioned goal to participate in the political affairs of the country and to cast their ballots. Millions of women collaborated to send their message to the national government, and most of them even went out of their way to lobby their causes in Congress. It was Carrie Chapman and the National American Woman Suffrage Association who emerged as leaders during this period of the American feminist movement. Although these demonstration strikes (proof that democracy was working in the American

Sociological research-there is a relationship between social class and Essay

Sociological research-there is a relationship between social class and crime - Essay Example ade great strides in proving that social class has a direct correlation with crime due to the social controls of a capitalist government† (Jones, 2004). Social conflict theory focuses on why governments make and enforce rules of law and morality then why an individual violates the law. The primary goal of Social Conflict is to examine the relationship between the ruling class and the process by which deviance is defined and controlled in capitalist society. The government creates laws and rules to maintain the power and position for the power elite. Centering on a view of society in which the elite class uses the criminal justice system as a means of controlling threats to its status. Conflict theorists do not argue that the poor commit more crimes than the rich, but they are certainly arrested and punished more often. A natural frustration exists in society in which a high value is placed on being rich and attaining the American dream, but this dream is unattainable for the ma jority of the citizens. A deep hostility develops among the lower class toward a social order that they can not participate unless it’s by illegal means. Thus, the legal system is designed to guard the position of the upper class by any legal means necessary. â€Å"Conflict theorists seriously contradict the long-held presumption that the American system of law and justice is humane and fair to all citizens.† (Senna, 2003) It really is not a surprise to any of us that it is the poor and disadvantaged criminals who end up in the coils of the criminal justice system. But it would be a mistake to make accusations about the nature of crime by blaming those individuals who end up in our police cells, courtrooms and prisons. This does not mean that crime in the US or any other part of the world is committed by the poor and disadvantaged. Nor does it mean that disadvantage is the cause of most crime. â€Å"But some of the grossest victimizations are concentrated among the poorer members of

Starhub analysis Essay Example for Free

Starhub analysis Essay Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Market structure is either a: Monopoly Natural monopoly Oligopoly Dominated by a handful of big players High capital expenditure (capex) Absolute fixed cost is high But fixed cost per user is very low Telco may be very cash flow rich if capex is controlled Low operating expenditure (opex) Average cost per user is very, very, VERY low. Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Lines of business Voice Traditional fixed lines overtaken by mobile Some households do not even have fixed lines i.e. M1 gives free fixed line with fibre plan Lucrative international dialing business is largely  gone Replaced by data i.e. Skype, VOIP etc. Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Lines of business Data Escalating bandwidth demand (geometric growth) Some business models have failed as a result Unlimited mobile data plan replaced by tiered  pricing plans Reasonably priced unlimited fixed broadband/fibre  still available in some countries (not so in the US). Price differentiation between home and business data  plans Sub segment differentiation exists – gamers (low  latency) Telcos need data to make up for loss revenue in voice  business Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Lines of business Pay TV Telcos offering pay TV not common for all  countries. Exists in Singapore. Always a balancing act between controlling cost  of content and charging viewers more Cost is increasing for developed countries  » Not so for developing countries†¦.. Video on-demand new business model Don’t pay for a whole channel, just pay for the TV program you want Mio TV vs Cable TV Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Strategy for non-saturated markets Build out infrastructure and coverage while  controlling capex Gain market share by grabbing customers Especially in underserved markets Attempt to lock in existing customers Increase revenue by offering differentiated price  plans Tiered data plans (both mobile and fixed) Sell supplementary services Caller ID, low latency etc. Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Strategy for mature and saturated markets Infrastructure and coverage largely built so there is little capex Control opex tightly Gain market share by poaching customers from  competitors Avoid price war Same as before Attempt to lock in existing customers Increase revenue by offering differentiated price plans Expand into overseas markets Any economies of scale? Industry Life Cycle Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Threat of New Entrants Bargaining Power of Suppliers Competitive Rivalry Within the Industry Threat of Substitutes Bargaining Power of Buyers Porter’s Five Forces Threat of New Entrants How easy is it for new players to enter the industry? What are the barriers to entry? Loyalty to existing brands Stickiness and incentives (e.g. loyalty points) High switching costs High capex and fixed opex costs Scarcity of resources Government restrictions and licensing Technology and intellectual property rights Porter’s Five Forces Power of Suppliers How much pressure can suppliers exert on the  business? Single or few suppliers (monopoly or oligopoly) Few or no substitutes Switching to new supplier is costly or time  consuming Supplier’s product is extremely important Supplier’s industry has higher profitability than  buyer’s industry Porter’s Five Forces Power of Buyers How much pressure can buyers exert on the  business? Single or few big buyers Purchases are in large volumes Switching to a different competitor is easy No stickiness or loyalty Buyer’s are price sensitive Company’s product is not important Porter’s Five Forces Availability of Substitutes How likely are customers to switch? Few or many similar products on the market? Switching cost is low and easy to do Disruptive technology Secular changes in consumption patterns and  lifestyles Porter’s Five Forces Competitive Rivalry How intense is the competition in the industry? High competition means low margins Number of competitors and size Any dominant company? Little differentiation between competitor’s  products and services Industry life cycle Young market means all firms grow as overall pie  expands Mature market means competitors grow by taking  market share from other companies Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Threat of New Entrants Government license is required and need to bid for  airwaves in government auction Is Singapore government issuing new telco licenses? What is the availability of airwaves? Auction prices cheap or costly? High capex and fixed cost†¦..but very low opex cost per user! Loyalty and stickness Some stickiness due to contract obligations (early  termination penalty) and incentives (handset upgrade  subsidies) Low switching costs if not under contract No cost and retain old mobile number Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Power of Suppliers Pressure from handset manufacturers Handset subsidy recouped by locking in  customers into contracts Big difference in price of handset without contract Apple able to negotiate for higher prices Telcos subsidize more. Costs passed down to  consumers. Pressure from content providers Cable TV pays HBO, Fox etc for content Special events like EPL cost much more Costs have been escalating lately†¦.. Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Power of Buyers Many retail customers (Starhub is no. 2 in SG) Extremely price sensitive Little brand loyalty and stickiness Individual customer have zero power Easy to switch out to competitor’s offerings Product is important but not tied to Starhub E.g. can get same handset and data plan from  competitors Some tradeoff between monthly price plan and data All telcos moving away from all-you-can-eat data plan Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Availability of Substitutes Handsets are not tied to Starhub Voice and data plans are also not unique to Starhub Cable TV content is differentiated Competes only with Singtel but not directly Different content and pricing content Special events like EPL are hotly contented Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Competitive Rivalry Extremely high competition Mature and saturated Singapore market Starhub grows by taking market share from Singtel and M1 Little differentiation between competitor’s  products and services But no direct price competition! Despite rivalry, industry margins relatively high Low opex cost per user Average revenue per user (ARPU) is growing Driven mainly from new tiered data plans Key Ratios for Telco Industry Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) Indicator of a company’s financial performance Churn Rate Actual rate at which customers leave for a  competitor Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) Takes into account revenue, capex and opex. As market matures, ARPU drops†¦. THE EQUITY RESEARCH PROCESS Purpose of the Equity Research Report To communicate to clients a single message How to allocate financial resources All other issues are secondary What are readers looking for? Ideas, ideas and ideas! Unique ideas are great but most of the time, ideas  generated could just be the same as everyone else Herd instinct is safe option! But no one will remember you†¦..! How to Make the Report Valuable? Use the KISS principle Investors have little time (and patience) Communicate clearly, concisely and get to the point. Have something to say Does it lead to an actionable idea? Report is an opportunity to standout and may lead to  other revenue generating activities or more face time  with the client. How to Make the Report Valuable? Issue the report in a timely fashion Giving investment opinion and advise too late is  pointless â€Å"Better late than never† fails in this case Treat your reader with respect Reader may be an investment professional herself Don’t patronize or condescend Tailor tone and language to target audience How to Make the Report Valuable? Be impartial and objective A research report is not an advertisement. Even if you like the company very much, not over  hype the company – leave that to the IR firms Know your stuff Be familiar with both the industry and company Be brave (but be prepared to face the firing squad) The best analysts are willing to take risks with their  opinions

Studying The Future Prospective Of Nanotechnology Computer Science Essay

Studying The Future Prospective Of Nanotechnology Computer Science Essay This paper explores the present impact of nanotechnology on the consumer market. It situates the technical aspects of nanotechnology and describes some early successes of nanomaterials embraced. It includes a description of technology developments in the area of automotive industry, biomedicine, household appliances, nanowires, nanotubes, nanobubble, nanochips, healthcare and numerous other nanostructured materials with a brief description of the number of research and development activities that are in various stages of testing and qualification. II. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is derived from the combination of two words Nano and Technology. Nano means very small or miniature. So, Nanotechnology is the technology in miniature form. It is the combination of Bio- technology, Chemistry, Physics and Bio-informatics, et Nanotechnology is a generic term used to describe the applications that work with matter so small that it exists in the molecular and atomic realm. As the name indicates, the fundamental unit in any nanotechnology system is a nanometer, nm, which is one billionth part of a meter. Nanotechnology research shows that at such micro level, the physical, chemical and biological properties of materials are different from what they were at large scale. Nanotechnology originated in India around 16 years back. This new sphere of scientific innovation has a broader scope. Several Indian institutes have introduced degree courses in Nanotechnology at both the UG and PG levels. The areas covered in the Nanotech are Food and Beverage, Bio- Techn ology, Forensic Sciences, Genetics, Space Research, Environment industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Teaching. The fundamental idea is to harness these altered and often improved properties to develop materials, devices and systems that are superior to the existing products. For instance, breaking a material down into nanoparticles allows it to be rebuilt atom by atom, often improving material strength and decreasing weight and dimensions. Based on this concept, researchers have been able to develop a myriad of nanomaterials with amazing properties. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, also known as CSIR has set up 38 laboratories in India dedicated to research in Nanotechnology. This technology will be used in diagnostic kits, improved water filters and sensors and drug delivery. The research is being conducted on using it to reduce pollution emitted by the vehicles .Looking at the progressive prospects of Nanotechnology in India, Nanobiosym Inc., a US-based leading nanotechnology firm is planning to set up Indias first integrated nanotechnology and biomedicine technology park in Himachal Pradesh. Nanotechnology has certainly acquired. In the long term scenario, nanotechnology promises to make revolutionary advances in a variety of fields. Possible uses of nanomaterials may include the cleaning of heavily polluted sites, more effective diagnosis and treatment of cancer, cleaner manufacturing methods and much smaller and more powerful computers. III CORE CHAPTERS A. History The first use of the concepts found in nano-technology (but pre-dating use of that name) was in Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom, a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, and so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and vander waals attraction would become increasingly more significant, etc. This basic idea appeared plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to produce a useful quantity of end products. The term nanotechnology was defined by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper as follows Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule. In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and the books Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (1986) and Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, and so the term acquired its current sense. Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is considered the first book on the topic of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two major developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of fullerenes i n 1985 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals was studied; this led to a fast increasing number of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots. The atomic force microscope (AFM or SFM) was invented six years after the STM was invented. In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development and is evaluated. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/C60a.png/175px-C60a.png Fig.1. Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is a representative member of the carbon structures known as fullerenes and is a major subject of research in nanotechnology. B. Current Research Nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions. Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and nanoelectronics. Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor. Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine. Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cell. Development of applications incorporating semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see quantum dots. 1) Top-down Approaches: These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.Many technologies that descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100  nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition 2) Bottom-up Approaches: These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids. Approaches from the field of classical chemical synthesis also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g. bis -peptides). More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognitionin particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation. Peter Grà ¼nberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics. Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical systems or MEMS. Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nan oscale write head to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the larger subfield of nanolithography. Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100  nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron microscopy. 3) Functional Approaches: These seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled.Molecular electronics seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device. For an example see rotaxane. Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create synthetic molecular motors, such as in a so-called nanocar. 4) Biomimetic Approaches: Bionics or biomimicry seeks to apply biological methods and systems found in nature, to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. Biomineralization is one example of the systems studied.Bionanotechnology the use of biomolecules for applications in nanotechnology, including use of viruses. C. Tools and Techniques A microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photodetectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface. There are several important modern developments. The atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types of scanning probe microscopy, all flowing from the ideas of the scanning confocal microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and the eloped by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, that made it possible to see structures at the nanoscale. The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process called positional assembly). Feature-oriented scanning-positioning mescanning acoustic microscope (SAM) dev thodology suggested by Rostislav Lapshin appears to be a promising way to implement these nanomanipulations in automatic mode. However, this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the microscope. Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical lithography, X-ray lithography dip pen nanolithography, electron bea m lithography or nanoimprint lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern. The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning-positioning approach, atoms can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques. At present, it is expensive and time-consuming for mass production but very suitable for laboratory experimentation. D. Nanotechnologys Future Over the next two decades, this new field for controlling the properties of matter will rise to prominence through four evolutionary stages. Today nanotechnology is still in a formative phasenot unlike the condition of computer science in the 1960s or biotechnology in the 1980s. Yet it is maturing rapidly. Between 1997 and 2005, investment in nanotech research and development by governments around the world soared from $432 million to about $4.1 billion, and corresponding industry investment exceeded that of governments by 2005. By 2015, products incorporating nanotech will contribute approximately $1 trillion to the global economy. About two million workers will be employed in nanotech industries, and three times that many will have supporting jobs. Descriptions of nanotech typically characterize it purely in terms of the minute size of the physical features with which it is concernedassemblies between the size of an atom and about 100 molecular diameters. That depiction makes it sound as though nanotech is merely looking to use infinitely smaller parts than conventional engineering. But at this scale, rearranging the atoms and molecules leads to new properties. One sees a transition between the fixed behavior of individual atoms and molecules and the adjustable behavior of collectives. Thus, nanotechnology might better be viewed as the application of quantum theory and other nano-specific phenomena to fundamentally control the properties and behavior of matter. Over the next couple of decades, nanotech will evolve through four overlapping stages of industrial prototyping and early commercialization. The first one, which began after 2000, involves the development of passive nanostructures: materials with steady structures and functions, often used as parts of a product. These can be as modest as the particles of zinc oxide in sunscreens, but they can also be reinforcing fibers in new composites or carbon nanotube wires in ultra miniaturized electronics. The second stage, which began in 2005, focuses on active nanostructures that change their size, shape, conductivity or other properties during use. New drug-delivery particles could release therapeutic molecules in the body only after they reached their targeted diseased tissues. Electronic components such as transistors and amplifiers with adaptive functions could be reduced to single, complex molecules. Starting around 2010, workers will cultivate expertise with systems of nanostructures, directing large numbers of intricate components to specified ends. One application could involve the guided self-assembly of nanoelectronic components into three-dimensional circuits and whole devices. Medicine could employ such systems to improve the tissue compatibility of implants, or to create scaffolds for tissue regeneration, or perhaps even to build artificial organs. After 2015-2020, the field will expand to include molecular nanosystemsheterogeneous networks in which molecules and supramolecular structures serve as distinct devices. The proteins inside cells work together this way, but whereas biological systems are water-based and markedly temperature-sensitive, these molecular nanosystems will be able to operate in a far wider range of environments and should be much faster. Computers and robots could be reduced to extraordinarily small sizes. Medical applications might be as ambitious as new types of genetic therapies and antiaging treatments. New interfaces linking people directly to electronics could change telecommunications. Over time, therefore, nanotechnology should benefit every industrial sector and health care field. It should also help the environment through more efficient use of resources and better methods of pollution control. Nanotech does, however, pose new challenges to risk governance as well. Internationally, more needs to be done to collect the scientific information needed to resolve the ambiguities and to install the proper regulatory oversight. Helping the public to perceive nanotech soberly in a big picture that retains human values and quality of life will also be essential for this powerful new discipline to live up to its astonishing potential. Drastic advancements have been encountered in the fields of electronics, medicines, science, fabrication and computational related to nanotechnology. The details are as below. 1)Future of Nanoelectronics: The recent progress of nanoelectronic devices has revealed many novel devices under consideration. Even though some devices have achieved experimental results comparable with some of the best silicon FETs, these devices have yet to show electrical characteristics beyond the basic, functional level. In several years from now, the planar MOSFET, combined with high-k dielectric and coupled with strained layer technology, is expected to maintain its domination the market, due to the fact that the manufacturers still attempt to exploit their existing manufacturing capabilities and seem reluctant to adopt new technology. However, the double- and multi-gate MOSFET scaling is superior to recent planar MOSFET and also to UTB FD MOSFET scaling, thus the double and multi-gate device is projected as the ultimate MOSFET. The role of double gate MOSFET and non-planar will take greater share, as this technology become mature and the risk are more understandable in near future. On the other hand, several issues on fabrication in adoption route to standard fabrication have to be solved for every other technology. Figure indicates the projection for the first year of full scale production for future nanoelectronic devices by ITRS, which reflect the degree of complexity in fabrication for each technology. New MOSFET structures, starting with UTB-SOI MOSFETs and followed by multi-gate MOSFETs, will be implemented soon. The next generation devices, e.g. carbon nanotubes, graphene, spin transistor etc are promising, due to their performances shown by many researches. However, the processing issues force them to take longer step to be main devices for nanoelectronics. . http://docsdrive.com/images/ansinet/jas/2010/fig8-2k10-2136-2146.gif Fig.2. Projection for the first year of full scale production for future nanoelectronic devices. Nanochips: Currently available microprocessors use resolutions as small as 32 nm. Houses up to a billion transistors in a single chip. MEMS based nanochips have future capability of 2 nm cell leading to 1TB memory per chip. C:UserssudshresDesktopnanochip.jpg Fig.3 A MEMS based nanochip Nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) Sensor in Nanophotonic systems work with light signals vs. electrical signals in electronic systems. Enable parallel processing that means higher computing capability in a smaller chip. Enable realization of optical systems on semiconductor chip. Fig.4. A silicon processor featuring on-chip nanophotonic network Fuel cells use hydrogen and air as fuels and produce water as by product. The technology uses a nanomaterial membrane to produce electricity. C:UserssudshresDesktoppem fuel cell energysolutioncenter.org.jpg Fig.5. Schematic of a fuel cell C:UserssudshresDesktopfuel cell fuel cell economy-com.gif Fig.6. 500W fuel cell Nanoscale materials have feature size less than 100 nm utilized in nanoscale structures, devices and systems. Nanoparticles and Structures C:UserssudshresDesktopgold nano particle 1 nano.gov.uk.jpg Fig.7. Gold nanoparticles C:UserssudshresDesktopNano picturesNSF silver nanoparticles.tif Fig.8. Silver Nanoparticles C:UserssudshresDesktopstm2.jpg Fig.9. A stadium shaped quantum corral made by positioning iron atoms on a copper surface C:UserssudshresDesktopnanoboquet nsf.gov.jpg Fig.10. A 3-dimensional nanostructure grown by controlled nucleation of Silicon-carbide nanowires on Gallium catalyst particles. C:UserssudshresDesktopflexible nano wire solar cell.jpg Fig.11. Nanowire Solar Cell: The nanowires create a  surface that is able to absorb more sunlight than a flat surface. 2) Nanotubes: Carbon nanotubes since their discovery are used as the building blocks in various nanotechnology applications. Although many applications are at preliminary stages of experimentation, carbon nanotubes has many future prospects in almost all spheres of electronics applications. Highly integrated circuit is one of the areas, where many researchers are focusing the research and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes are being exploited. Researchers have identified and fabricated the electronic devices having densities ten thousand times greater than the present day microelectronics. These technologies will either complement or replace the CMOS. Further the electronic devices based on carbon nanotubes have additional and advance features such as conductivity, current carrying capacity and electromigration. Semi conducting carbon nanotubes having excellent nobilities and semiconductancies have been prepared and these are far better than the conventional semi conductors. Actually there are some major barriers for developing highly integrated circuits such as present fabrication methods produces the mixture of metallic and semiconductor nanotubes and exact electronic arrangements within a semiconductor nanoube is poorly understood. These are therefore the hurdles in manufacturing and fabricating highly integrating circuits, however continuous research in this area will lead to new and much more advance technology that will not only able to overcome from these barriers but will also open the door for new electronic applications also. C:UserssudshresDesktopmr340083.f7-SnO2-TiO2 composite nanoribbon.jpeg Fig.12 Nanotube 3) Future of Nanomedicine: Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, including to cure diseases and repair damaged tissues such as bone, muscle, and nerve. To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology and provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of targeted drug delivery systems.Nanotechnology is beginning to change the scaleand methods of vascular imaging and drug delivery. NanomedicineInitiatives envisage that nanoscale technologies willbegin yielding more medical benefits within the next10 years. This includes the development of nanoscalelaboratory-based diagnostic and drug discovery platform devices such as nanoscale cantilevers for chemicalforce microscopes, microchip devices, nanopore sequencing, etc. The National Cancer Institute has related programs too,with the goal of producing nanometer scale multifunctionalentities that can diagnose, deliver therapeuticagents, and monitor cancer treatment progress. These include design and engineering of targeted contrast agents that improve the resolution of cancer cells to the single cell level, and nanodevices capable of addressing the biological and evolutionary diversity of the multiple cancer cells that make up a tumor within an individual. Thus, for the full in vivo potential of nanotechnology in targeted imaging and drug delivery to be realized, nanocarriers have to get smarter. Pertinent to realizing this promise is a clear understanding of both physicochemical and physiological processes. These form the basis of complex interactions inherent to the fingerprint of a nanovehicle and its microenvironment. extracellular and intracellular drug release rates in different pathologies, interaction with biological milieu, such as opsonizati on, and other barriers enroute to the target site, be it anatomical, physiological, immunological or biochemical, and exploitation of opportunities offered by disease states (e.g., tissuespecific receptor expression and escape routes from the vasculature). There are numerous examples of disease-fighting strategies in the literature, using nanoparticles. Often, particularly in the case of cancer therapies, drug delivery properties are combined with imaging technologies, so that cancer cells can be visually located while undergoing treatment. The predominant strategy is to target specific cells by linking antigens or other biosensors (e.g. RNA strands) to the surface of the nanoparticles that detect specialized properties of the cell walls. Once the target cell has been identified, the nanoparticles will adhere to the cell surface, or enter the cell, via a specially designed mechanism, and deliver its payload. One the drug is delivered, if the nanoparticle is also an imaging agent, doctors can follow its progress and the distribution of the cancer cell is known. Such specific targeting and detection will aid in treating late-phase metastasized cancers and hard-to-reach tumors and give indications of the spread of those and other diseases. It also prolongs the life of certain drugs that have been found to last longer inside a nanoparticle than when the tumor was directly injected, since often drugs that have been injected into a tumor diffuse away before effectively killing the tumor cells. 4) Future of Nanoscience: Without carbon, life cannot exist, the saying goes, and not only life. For technological development, carbon was the ultimate material of the 19th century. It allowed the beginnings of the industrial revolution, enabling the rise of the steel and chemical industries, it made the railways run, and it played a major role in the development of naval transportation. Silicon, another very interesting material which makes up a quarter of the earths crust, became the material of the 20th century in its turn. It gave us the development of high performance electronics and photovoltaics with large fields of applications and played a pivotal role in the evolution of computer technology. The increased device performance of information and data processing systems is changing our lives on a daily basis, producing scientific innovations for a new industrial era. However, success breeds its own problems, and there is ever more data to be handled-which requires a nanoscience approach. This cluster aims to address various aspects, prospects and challenges in this area of great interest for all our futures. Carbon exists in various allotropic forms that are intensively investigated for their unusual and fascinating properties, from both fundamental and applied points of view. Among them, the sp2 (fullerenes, nanotubes and graphene) and sp3 (diamond) bonding configurations are of special interest since they have outstanding and, in some cases, unsurpassed properties compared to other materials. These properties include very high mechanical resistance, very high hardness, high resistance to radiation damage, high thermal conductivity, biocompatibility and superconductivity. Graphene, for example, possesses very uncommon electronic structure and a high carrier mobility, with charge carriers of zero mass moving at constant velocity, just like photons. All these characteristics have put carbon and carbon-related nanomaterials in the spotlight of science and technology research. The main challenges for future understanding include i) material growth, ii) fundamental properties, and iii) devel oping advanced applications. Carbon nanoparticles and nanotubes, graphene, nano-diamond and films address the most current aspects and issues related to their fundamental and outstanding properties, and describe various classes of high-tech applications based on these promising materials. Future prospects, difficulties and challenges are addressed. Important issues include growth, morphology, atomic and electronic structure, transport properties, superconductivity, doping, nanochemistry using hydrogen, chemical and bio-sensors, and bio-imaging, allowing readers to evalate this very interesting topic and draw perspectives for the future. E. Foreign Prospect of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology provides a significant opportunity to address global challenges. This is leading to intense global competition to commercialise different products enabled by nanotechnology. However, UK industry is well placed to capitalise on this opportunity and participate in the development of many new products and services by operating alone or in collaboration with international partners. Success in this area will lead to growth in employment and wealth creation. Today, nanotechnology is evolving with some mature products and many in the growth and developmental stage. This is not unlike the condition of computer science in the 1960s or biotechnology in the 1980s. Nanotechnology has been applied to the development of products and processes across many industries particularly over the past ten years. Products are now available in markets ranging from consumer products through medical products to plastics and coatings and electronics products. There have been various market reports estimating the scale of potential future value for products that are nanotechnology enabled. A report from Lux Research published in 2006 entitled The Nanotech Report 4th Edition, notes that nanotechnology was incorporated into more than $30 billion in manufactured goods in 2005. The projection is that in 2014, $2.6 trillion in manufactured goods will incorporate nanotechnology. Even if this is an over-estimate, it is clear that there is a vast market available for nanotechnology based products. It is extremely important to the UK economy that UK companies engaged in nanotechnology participate at each stage of the supply chain. While companies are moving speedily to develop further and more advanced products based on nanotechnology, they are becoming increasingly aware that there are many challenges to address. It was with this background that a Mini Innovation and Growth Team (Mini-IGT) was formed comprising members of the NanoKTN and the Materials KTN as the secretariat, together with members of the Chemistry Innovation KTN and the Sensors and Instrumentation KTN, to prepare a report on nanotechnology on behalf of UK industry. A questionnaire was sent to the members of the various KTNs to solicit feedback on their views on nanotechnology focussing on their commercial position and also their concerns and issues. While the UK Government has commissioned reports and provided responses over the past decade, in the field of nanotechnology, the UK has not articulated an overarching national strategy on nanotechnology that can rank alongside those from the likes of the US and Germany. It is intended that this report, with its unique industry led views on nanotechnology, together with other strategic documents, including the Nanoscale Technologies Strategy 2009-2012 produced by the Technology Str ategy Board, will provide a significant contribution to a future UK Government Strategy on Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the basis for many products that are in common use and is providing the capability to produce a very wide range of new products that will become commonplace in the near future. The UK, like many other countries, has invested heavily in nanotechnology and has considered, through a series of reports and Government responses, how to manage and fund nanotechnology developments. At the third meeting of the Ministerial Group on Nanotechnology it was agreed that a nanotechnology strategy should be developed for the UK. As part of the strategy development process, Lord Drayson launched an evidence gathering website on 7th July 2009. Alongside this, four Knowledge Transfer Networks (Nanotechnology, Materials, Chemistry Innovation and Sensors Instrumentation) with significant industrial interest in nanotechnology agreed that it was necessary for industry to contribute to policy development using the bottom up approach. It is intended that this report with its unique industry led views on nanotechnology will provide a significant contribution to a future overarching UK Government Strategy on Nanotechnology, alongside other input from inter alia the Technology Strategy Board and the Research Councils. In addition to the questionnaire, feedback was sought from industry at workshop discussions with invited industry leaders and others in the field of nanote

Fichtes Theory of Individuality :: Philosophy

Fichte's Theory of Individuality THEME Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre lends itself as apparently no other philosophy of mind to the extraction or extrapolation of a theory of individuality. Moreover it proves possible to marry the key concepts on which my essay concentrates to current neurophysiological thinking on how memories are laid down and retrieved. Accordingly it is those nuptials that this essay attempts to perform. PART I The world in my mind The student of Descartes might be brought up short by Fichte’s ‘revision’ of the cogito statement: â€Å"I am I†. Soon it becomes apparent that this ‘I’ does not think: The primordial, absolutely unconditioned first principle of human knowledge . . . is an act (‘Tathandlung’) which does not and cannot appear among the empirical states of our consciousness, but rather lies at its basis and alone makes it possible. [I,91] Thus begins his effort to â€Å"complete† Kant’s system; for although the old man growled â€Å"God preserve us from friends like these†, it cannot be denied that the Critiques *presuppose* a fully-formed mind and may therefore be said to have turned a blind eye to some mandatory prior midwifery. Fichte’s solution conceives of the ‘Ich’ as essentially an act — as an amorphous consciousness brimful with psychic energy seeking instantiation as a finite thinking being. Unlike the cartesian self, the fichtean ‘Ich’ is initially a self in abstracto [I, 96 & 97], the principle of activity in all purity and lacking all predicates [I, 110]. Accordingly what the ‘Ich’ can experience in this state is nothing remotely akin to the cogito, but rather a freudian ‘oceanic feeling’ of limitless being. From this emerges the desire to ‘posit’ itself, which can mean nothing other than a striving for self-consciousness. Thus, The pure self-reverting activity of the Self is a striving . . . This boundless striving, carried to infinity, is the condition of the possibility of any object whatsoever: no striving, no object. [I, 262]. Echoes of Goethe’s apophthegm, â€Å"Im Anfang war die Tat†, itself a sovereign mind’s correction of the evangelical â€Å"In the beginning was the word†. Agency precedes the self-consciousness which commands words. But an ‘Ich’, wanting to become a ‘Self’, needs correlation to an ‘Other’. Activity, whether mental or physical, necessarily implies the existence of a correlated external reality in relation to which we think and act and which comprises the theatre where these relational activities are enacted.

Three Characters with Good Intentions in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Based on the impulsive, irrational Veronese society, many of the characters in Romeo and Juliet believe that they are doing everything â€Å"all for the best.† Three characters which exemplify this fully are Lord Capulet, Tybalt and Friar Lawrence. All the characters are products of their own society, Veronese society. Status is everything, money buys anything. Woman must marry well and produce many offspring. Men believe strongly in defending their honor by any means available especially violence. When there is a fight in the market place, Capulet rushes to fight for his honor, â€Å"my sword I say, old Montague is come...† Capulet denies Paris’ request to marry Juliet â€Å" and too soon marred are those so early made,† acting for his own good because he wants Juliet to produce many offspring to carry on the Capulets bloodline, since she is his only surviving child. When at the ball Capulet demands Tybalt to let Romeo be,† content thee, gentle coz, let him alone,† but this just fuels Tybalts anger towards Romeo, which eventually ends up in Tybalt causing his own death. Capulet believes he is giving his child the best when he announces her engagement to Paris† she shall be married to this noble earl,† and believes Paris will make a good husband for Juliet. When Juliet refuses Capulet thinks it best to threaten her, â€Å"I will drag thee,† but this just makes Juliet turn to more drastic measures. When asked by Benvolio to make peace in the streets, Tybalt bluntly responds,† talk of peace, I hate the word. As I hate hell all Montagues.† This is the attitude of Tybalt throughout the play. He believes he is doing all for the best and uses violence as his tool. He gets angry at the ball with Romeo being there, â€Å"villain as a guest,† and believes it best to defend his family’s honor by later taking revenge. When Tybalt finds Romeo, he thinks it best to fight him and when he ends up killing Mercutio he believes he has done his duty by causing Romeo the same hurt he has brought Tybalt, â€Å"the injuries that thou hast done me.† Friar Lawrence is by the far the character that displays â€Å"working for the best,† the most. The three main events are the marriage, the plan and the death, all three of which the friar is very involved. The friar originally marries Romeo and Juliet in hopes that the feud between the two families will end, â€Å"to turn your households’ rancor to pure love.

Part Five Chapter I

Privilege 7.32 A person who has made a defamatory statement may claim privilege for it if he can show that he made it without malice and in pursuit of a public duty. Charles Arnold-Baker Local Council Administration, Seventh Edition I Terri Weedon was used to people leaving her. The first and greatest departure had been her mother's, who had never said goodbye, but had simply walked out one day with a suitcase while Terri was at school. There had been lots of social workers and care workers after she ran away at fourteen, and some of them had been nice enough, but they all left at the end of the working day. Every fresh departure added a fine new layer to the crust building over her core. She had had friends in care, but at sixteen they were all on their own, and life had scattered them. She met Ritchie Adams, and she bore him two children. Tiny little pink things, pure and beautiful like nothing in the whole world: and they had come out of her, and for shining hours in the hospital, twice, it had been like her own rebirth. And then they took the children from her, and she never saw them again, either. Banger had left her. Nana Cath had left her. Nearly everybody went, hardly anyone stayed. She ought to be used to it by now. When Mattie, her regular social worker, reappeared, Terri demanded, ‘Where's the other one?' ‘Kay? She was only covering for me while I was ill,' said Mattie. ‘So, where's Liam? No †¦ I mean Robbie, don't I?' Terri did not like Mattie. For one thing, she did not have kids, and how could people who didn't have kids tell you how to raise them, how could they understand? She had not liked Kay, exactly, either †¦ except that Kay gave you a funny feeling, the same feeling that Nana Cath had once given Terri, before she had called her a whore and told her she never wanted to see her again †¦ you felt, with Kay – even though she carried folders, like the rest of them, even though she had instituted the case review – you felt that she wanted things to go right for you, and not only for the forms. You really did feel that. But she was gone, and she probably don't even think about us now, thought Terri furiously. On Friday afternoon, Mattie told Terri that Bellchapel would almost certainly close. ‘It's political,' she said briskly. ‘They want to save money, but methadone treatment's unpopular with the District Council. Plus, Pagford wants them out of the building. It was all in the local paper, maybe you saw it?' Sometimes she spoke to Terri like that, veering into a kind of after-all-we're-in-this-together small-talk that jarred, because it sat alongside enquiries as to whether Terri was remembering to feed her son. But this time it was what she said, rather than how she said it, that upset Terri. ‘They're closin' it?' she repeated. ‘It looks that way,' said Mattie breezily, ‘but it won't make any difference to you. Well, obviously †¦' Three times Terri had embarked upon the programme at Bellchapel. The dusty interior of the converted church with its partition walls and its flyers, the bathroom with its neon-blue light (so you could not find veins and shoot up in there), had become familiar and almost friendly. Lately, she had begun to sense in the workers there a change in the way they spoke to her. They had all expected her to fail again, in the beginning, but they had started talking to her the way Kay had talked: as if they knew a real person lived inside her pockmarked, burned body. ‘ †¦ obviously, it will be different, but you can get your methadone from your GP instead,' said Mattie. She flipped over pages in the distended file that was the state's record of Terri's life. ‘You're registered with Dr Jawanda in Pagford, right? Pagford †¦ why are you going all the way out there?' ‘I smacked a nurse at Cantermill,' said Terri, almost absent-mindedly. After Mattie had left, Terri sat for a long time in her filthy chair in the sitting room, gnawing at her nails until they bled. The moment Krystal came home, bringing Robbie back from nursery, she told her that they were closing Bellchapel. ‘They ain't decided yet,' said Krystal with authority. ‘The fuck do you know?' demanded Terri. ‘They're closin' it, and now they say I've gotta go to fuckin' Pagford to that bitch that killed Nana Cath. Well, I fuckin' ain't.' ‘You gotta,' said Krystal. Krystal had been like this for days; bossing her mother, acting as though she, Krystal, was the grown-up. ‘I ain' gotta do fuckin' anythin',' said Terri furiously. ‘Cheeky little bitch,' she added, for good measure. ‘If you start fuckin' usin' again,' said Krystal, scarlet in the face, ‘they'll take Robbie away.' He was still holding Krystal's hand, and burst into tears. ‘See?' both women shouted at each other. ‘You're fuckin' doin' it to him!' shouted Krystal. ‘An' anyway, that doctor didn' do nuthin' to Nana Cath, that's all jus' Cheryl an' them talking shit!' ‘Fuckin' little know-it-all, ain't yeh?' yelled Terri. ‘You know fuck-all – ‘ Krystal spat at her. ‘Get the fuck out!' screamed Terri, and because Krystal was bigger and heavier she seized a shoe lying on the floor and brandished it. ‘Gerrout!' ‘I fuckin' will!' yelled Krystal. ‘An' I'll take Robbie an' all, an' you can stay here an' fuckin' screw Obbo an' make another one!' She dragged the wailing Robbie out with her before Terri could stop her. Krystal marched him all the way to her usual refuge, forgetting that at this time in the afternoon, Nikki would still be hanging around outside somewhere, not at home. It was Nikki's mum who opened the door, in her Asda uniform. ‘He ain' stayin' ‘ere,' she told Krystal firmly, while Robbie whined and tried to pull his hand from Krystal's tight grip. ‘Where's your mum?' ‘Home,' said Krystal, and everything else she wanted to say evaporated in the older woman's stern gaze. So she returned to Foley Road with Robbie, where Terri, bitterly triumphant, grabbed her son's arm, pulled him inside and blocked Krystal from entering. †Ad enough of him already, ‘ave yeh?' Terri jeered, over Robbie's wails. ‘Fuck off.' And she slammed the door. Terri had Robbie sleep beside her on her own mattress that night. She lay awake and thought about how little she needed Krystal, and ached for her as badly as she had ever craved smack. Krystal had been angry for days. The thing that Krystal had said about Obbo †¦ (‘She said what?' he had laughed, incredulously, when they had met in the street, and Terri had muttered something about Krystal being upset.) †¦ he wouldn't have done it. He couldn't have. Obbo was one of the few people who had hung around. Terri had known him since she was fifteen. They had gone to school together, hung out in Yarvil while she was in care, swigged cider together beneath the trees on the footpath that cut its way through the small patch of remaining farmland beside the Fields. They had shared their first joint. Krystal had never liked him. Jealous, thought Terri, watching Robbie sleep in the street light pouring through the thin curtains. Just jealous. He's done more for me than anyone, thought Terri defiantly, because when she tallied kindnesses she subtracted abandonment. Thus all of Nana Cath's care had been annihilated by her rejection. But Obbo had hidden her, once, from Ritchie, the father of her first two children, when she had fled the house barefoot and bleeding. Sometimes he gave her free bags of smack. She saw them as equivalent kindnesses. His refuges were more reliable than the little house in Hope Street that she had once, for three glorious days, thought was home. Krystal did not return on Saturday morning, but that was nothing new; Terri knew she must be at Nikki's. In a rage, because they were low on food, and she was out of cigarettes, and Robbie was whining for his sister, she stormed into her daughter's room and kicked her clothes around, searching for money or the odd, overlooked fag. Something clattered as she threw aside Krystal's crumpled old rowing kit, and she saw the little plastic jewellery box, upended, with the rowing medal that Krystal had won, and Tessa Wall's watch lying beneath it. Terri picked up the watch and stared at it. She had never seen it before. She wondered where Krystal had got it. Her first assumption was that Krystal had stolen it, but then she wondered whether she might have been given it by Nana Cath, or even left it in Nana Cath's will. That was a much more troubling thought than the idea of the watch being stolen. The idea of the sneaky little bitch hiding it away, treasuring it, never mentioning it †¦ Terri put the watch inside the pocket of her tracksuit bottoms and bellowed for Robbie to come with her to the shops. It took ages to get him into his shoes, and Terri lost her temper and slapped him. She wished she could go to the shop alone, but the social workers did not like you leaving kids behind in the house, even though you could get things done much quicker without them. ‘Where's Krystal?' wailed Robbie, as she manhandled him out of the door. ‘I wan' Krystal!' ‘I dunno where the little tart is,' snapped Terri, dragging him along the road. Obbo was on the corner beside the supermarket, talking to two men. When he saw her he raised a hand in greeting, and his two companions walked away. †Ow's Ter?' he said. ‘N'bad,' she lied. ‘Robbie, leggo.' He was digging his fingers so tightly into her thin leg that it hurt. ‘Listen,' said Obbo, ‘couldja keep a bit more stuff for me fer a bit?' ‘Kinda stuff?' asked Terri, prising Robbie off her leg and holding his hand instead. ‘Coupla bags o' stuff,' said Obbo. ‘Really help me out, Ter.' †Ow long for?' ‘Few days. Bring it round this evenin'. Will yeh?' Terri thought of Krystal, and what she would say if she knew. ‘Yeah, go on then,' said Terri. She remembered something else, and pulled Tessa's watch out of her pocket. ‘Gonna sell this, whaddaya reckon?' ‘Not bad,' said Obbo, weighing it in his hand. ‘I'll give yeh twenty for it. Bring it over tonight?' Terri had thought the watch might be worth more, but she did not like to challenge him. ‘Yeah, all righ' then.' She took a few steps towards the supermarket entrance, hand in hand with Robbie, but then turned abruptly. ‘I ain' usin' though,' she said. ‘So don' bring †¦' ‘Still on the mixture?' he said, grinning at her through his thick glasses. ‘Bellchapel's done for, mind. All in the paper.' ‘Yeah,' she said miserably, and she tugged Robbie towards the entrance of the supermarket. ‘I know.' I ain't going to Pagford, she thought, as she picked biscuits off the shelf. I ain't going there. She was almost inured to constant criticism and assessment, to the sideways glance of passers-by, to abuse from the neighbours, but she was not going to go all the way to that smug little town to get double helpings; to travel back in time, once a week, to the place where Nana Cath had said she would keep her, but let her go. She would have to pass that pretty little school that had sent horrible letters home about Krystal, saying that her clothes were too small and too dirty, that her behaviour was unacceptable. She was afraid of long-forgotten relatives emerging from Hope Street, as they squabbled over Nana Cath's house, and of what Cheryl would say, if she knew that Terri had entered into voluntary dealings with the Paki bitch who had killed Nana Cath. Another mark against her, in the family that despised her. ‘They ain't making me go to fuckin' Pagford,' Terri muttered aloud, pulling Robbie towards the checkout.